每个编程者都应该知道的延迟：（~2012年的性能）
Latency Comparison Numbers (~2012) ---------------------------------- L1 cache reference 0.5 ns Branch mispredict 5 ns L2 cache reference 7 ns 14x L1 cache Mutex lock/unlock 25 ns Main memory reference 100 ns 20x L2 cache, 200x L1 cache Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 3,000 ns 3 us Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 10 us Read 4K randomly from SSD* 150,000 ns 150 us ~1GB/sec SSD Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 250 us Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1,000 us 1 ms ~1GB/sec SSD, 4X memory Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10,000 us 10 ms 20x datacenter roundtrip Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20,000 us 20 ms 80x memory, 20X SSD Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms Notes ----- 1 ns = 10^-9 seconds 1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns 1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns Credit ------ By Jeff Dean: http://research.google.com/people/jeff/ Originally by Peter Norvig: http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers Contributions ------------- 'Humanized' comparison: https://gist.github.com/hellerbarde/2843375 Visual comparison chart: http://i.imgur.com/k0t1e.png
更为形象化：
更为可读的对比：
Lets multiply all these durations by a billion:
Magnitudes:
### Minute:
L1 cache reference 0.5 s One heart beat (0.5 s)
Branch mispredict 5 s Yawn
L2 cache reference 7 s Long yawn
Mutex lock/unlock 25 s Making a coffee
### Hour:
Main memory reference 100 s Brushing your teeth
Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 50 min One episode of a TV show (including ad breaks)
### Day:
Send 2K bytes over 1 Gbps network 5.5 hr From lunch to end of work day
### Week
SSD random read 1.7 days A normal weekend
Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 2.9 days A long weekend
Round trip within same datacenter 5.8 days A medium vacation
Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD 11.6 days Waiting for almost 2 weeks for a delivery
### Year
Disk seek 16.5 weeks A semester in university
Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 7.8 months Almost producing a new human being
The above 2 together 1 year
### Decade
Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 4.8 years Average time it takes to complete a bachelor's degree
参考来源：https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832
保持更新；