一. 介绍
ipset命令是用于管理内核中IP sets模块的,如iptables之于netfilter。ipset字面意思是一些IP地址组成一个集合(set)。但是ipset用于用于存储IP地址,整个子网,端口号(TCP/UDP),MAC地址,网络接口名或者上述这些的组合。ipset主要是由iptables来使用,用于提高iptables的灵活性,简化iptables的规则。可能你在使用iptables时会感觉到以下不便:
1. 使用iptables命令为一批IP地址或端口应用相同的iptables规则时,不得不为每个IP或端口都新建一条iptables规则。这有时会让iptables某个表特别庞大,但是规则看起来又非常冗余。
2. 当需要给某个iptables规则应用到一个新的IP地址或端口时,我们不得不新建一条iptables规则;当需要给某个iptables规则删除其中某个IP地址或端口时,则需要直接删除那条iptables规则。这会让iptables操作特别繁琐。
ipset可以解决以上问题:
1. 当需要把一批IP地址或端口都应用某个iptables规则时,只需要把一批IP地址和端口放入一个ipset中,把iptables规则应用到这个ipset就可以了。
2. 当需要更新iptables规则的IP地址或端口时,只要更新对应ipset中的IP地址或端口就可以了,不需要修改iptables表。
二. ipset命令基本介绍与使用
格式:
- #ipset命令格式
- ipset [ OPTIONS ] COMMAND [ COMMAND−OPTIONS ]
-
- COMMANDS := { create | add | del | test | destroy | list | save | restore | flush | rename | swap | help |
- version | − }
-
- OPTIONS := { −exist | −output { plain | save | xml } | −quiet | −resolve | −sorted | −name | −terse | −file
- filename }
-
- ipset create SETNAME TYPENAME [ CREATE−OPTIONS ]
- ipset add SETNAME ADD−ENTRY [ ADD−OPTIONS ]
- ipset del SETNAME DEL−ENTRY [ DEL−OPTIONS ]
- ipset test SETNAME TEST−ENTRY [ TEST−OPTIONS ]
- ipset destroy [ SETNAME ]
- ipset list [ SETNAME ]
- ipset save [ SETNAME ]
- ipset restore
- ipset flush [ SETNAME ]
- ipset rename SETNAME−FROM SETNAME−TO
- ipset swap SETNAME−FROM SETNAME−TO
- ipset help [ TYPENAME ]
- ipset version
- ipset −
COMMAND选项介绍:
n, create SETNAME TYPENAME [ CREATE−OPTIONS ]
通过指定SETNAME和TYPENAME创建一个新IP集合。如果指定-exist选项,ipset在创建一个已经存在的IP集合时,ipset将不会报错。
add SETNAME ADD-ENTRY [ADD-OPTIONS]
添加一个条目到SETNAME指定的IP集合中。如果指定-exist选项,IP集合存在此条目时,ipset将不会报错。
del SETNAME DEL-ENTRY [ DEL-OPTIONS ]
从SETNAME指定的IP集合中删除一个条目。如果指定-exist选项,IP集合不存在此条目时,ipset将不会报错。
test SETNAME TEST-ENTRY [ TEST-OPTIONS ]
测试一个条目是否在指定的IP集合中。如果在,ipset命令返回0,如果不在,则返回非0
x,destory [ SETNAME ]
销毁指定的IP集合,如果不指定,则销毁所有的IP集合。如果某一IP集合正在被引用,则ipset不对该IP集合做任何操作。
list [ STENAME ] [ OPTIONS ]
列出指定IP集合的头部数据和添加的条目,如果没有指定,则是所有的IP集。--sorted选项会把IP集合排序后输出。--output指定IP集合输出的格式:
- # 创建名称为test的IP集
- ~ # ipset create test hash:ip
-
- # 添加114.114.114.114到test IP集中
- ~ # ipset add test 114.114.114.114
-
- # 以普通文本格式输出test IP集内容
- ~ # ipset list test -output plain
- Name: test
- Type: hash:ip
- Revision: 4
- Header: family inet hashsize 1024 maxelem 65536
- Size in memory: 8264
- References: 0
- Members:
- 114.114.114.114
-
- # 以保存格式输出test IP集内容
- ~ # ipset list test -output save
- create test hash:ip family inet hashsize 1024 maxelem 65536
- add test 114.114.114.114
-
- # 以XML格式输出test IP集内容
- ~ # ipset list test -output xml
- <ipsets>
- <ipset name="test">
- <type>hash:ip</type>
- <revision>4</revision>
- <header><family>inet</family><hashsize>1024</hashsize><maxelem>65536</maxelem>
- <memsize>8264</memsize>
- <references>0</references>
- </header>
- <members>
- <member><elem>114.114.114.114</elem></member>
- </members>
- </ipset>
- </ipsets>
save [ SETNAME ]
保存指定的IP集,如果没有指定,则是所有的IP集。如果不指定-file则是输出到标准输出,指定则是输出到指定文件。
~ # ipset save test -file /tmp/234
flush [ SETNAME ]
清空指定IP集,如果没有指定,则是所有的IP集。
e,rename SETNAME-FROM SETNAME-TO
重命名一个IP集
~ # ipset rename test test1
w,swap SETNAME-FROM SETNAME-TO
交换两个IP集的名称。但是两个IP集的必须存在而且SETTYPE兼容才可以。
其他选项:
timeout
设置IP集合添加的新条目的默认超时时间,新加的条目的时间超过超时时间后,将从IP集中删除。
- # test IP集新添加的条目的默认超时时间300s
- ipset create test hash:ip timeout 300
-
- # 192.168.0.1在60s后从test IP集中移除
- ipset add test 192.168.0.1 timeout 60
SET TYPE:
bitmap:ip
CREATE−OPTIONS := range fromip−toip|ip/cidr [ netmask cidr ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := { ip | fromip−toip | ip/cidr }
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := { ip | fromip−toip | ip/cidr }
TEST−ENTRY := ip
举例:
range fromip−toip | ip/cidr:
- # example 1
- ~ # ipset create test3 bitmap:ip range 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.255
- ~ # ipset add test3 192.168.1/24
- ~ # ipset list test3
- Name: test3
- Type: bitmap:ip
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.255
- Size in memory: 92
- References: 0
- Members:
- 192.168.0.1
- .
- .
- .
- 192.168.0.255
-
-
- # example 2
- ~ # ipset create test4 bitmap:ip range 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.100
- ~ #
- ~ # ipset add test4 192.168.0/24
- ipset v7.15: Element is out of the range of the set
- ~ #
- ~ # ipset add test4 192.168.0.100
- ~ # ipset list test4
- Name: test4
- Type: bitmap:ip
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.100
- Size in memory: 76
- References: 0
- Members:
- 192.168.0.100
-
-
- # example 3
- ~ # ipset create test5 bitmap:ip range 192.168.1.0/16
- ~ # ipset add test5 192.168.1/16
- ~ # ipset list test5
- Name: test5
- Type: bitmap:ip
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
- Size in memory: 8252
- References: 0
- Members:
- 192.168.0.1
- .
- .
- .
- 192.168.0.255
- .
- .
- .
- 192.168.255.255
-
-
- # example 4
- ~ # ipset create test6 bitmap:ip range 192.168.1.0/16
- ~ # ipset add test6 192.168.5/24
- ~ # ipset list test6
- Name: test6
- Type: bitmap:ip
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
- Size in memory: 8252
- References: 0
- Members:
- 192.168.0.1
- .
- .
- .
- 192.168.0.255
bitmap:ip,mac
CREATE−OPTIONS := range fromip−toip|ip/cidr [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := ip[,macaddr]
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := ip[,macaddr]
TEST−ENTRY := ip[,macaddr]
举例:
range fromip−toip|ip/cidr:
- ~ # ipset create test bitmap:ip,mac range 192.168.0.0/16
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.1.1,12:34:56:78:9A:BC
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.1.2
- ~ # ipset list test
- Name: test8
- Type: bitmap:ip,mac
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
- Size in memory: 532532
- References: 0
- Members:
- 192.168.1.1,12:34:56:78:9A:BC
- 192.168.1.2
bitmap:port
CREATE−OPTIONS := range fromport−toport [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := { [proto:]port | [proto:]fromport−toport }
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := { [proto:]port | [proto:]fromport−toport }
TEST−ENTRY := [proto:]port
举例:
range [proto:]fromport−toport:
- ~ # ipset create test bitmap:port range 1024-4096
- ~ # ipset add test 30000
- ipset v7.15: Element is out of the range of the set
- ~ #
- ~ # ipset add test 2048
- ~ #
- ~ # ipset list test
- Name: test
- Type: bitmap:port
- Revision: 3
- Header: range 1024-4096
- Size in memory: 436
- References: 0
- Members:
- 2048
hash:ip
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ netmask cidr ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := ipaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := ipaddr
TEST−ENTRY := ipaddr
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:ip
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.100.1
hash:mac
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := macaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := macaddr
TEST−ENTRY := macaddr
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:mac
- ~ # ipset add test 01:02:03:04:05:06
- ~ # ipset test test 01:02:03:04:05:06
hash:ip,mac
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := ipaddr,macaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := ipaddr,macaddr
TEST−ENTRY := ipaddr,macaddr
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:ip,mac
- ~ # ipset add test 1.1.1.1,01:02:03:04:05:06
- ~ # ipset test test 1.1.1.1,01:02:03:04:05:06
hash:net
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := netaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ nomatch ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:net
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0.0/24
- ~ # ipset add test 10.1.0.0/16
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0/24
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0/30 nomatch
hash:net,net
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := netaddr,netaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ nomatch ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := netaddr,netaddr
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ nomatch ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:net,net
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0.0/24,10.0.1.0/24
- ~ # ipset add test 10.1.0.0/16,10.255.0.0/24
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0/24,192.168.54.0-192.168.54.255
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.0/30,192.168.64/30 nomatch
hash:ip,port
CREATE−OPTIONS := [ family { inet | inet6 }]|[ hashsize value ] [ maxelem value ] [ timeout value ] [ counters ] [ comment ] [ skbinfo ]
ADD−ENTRY := ipaddr,[proto:]port
ADD−OPTIONS := [ timeout value ] [ packets value ] [ bytes value ] [ comment string ] [ skbmark value ] [ skbprio value ] [ skbqueue value ]
DEL−ENTRY := ipaddr,[proto:]port
TEST−ENTRY := ipaddr,[proto:]port
举例:
- ~ # ipset create test hash:ip,port
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.1.0/24,80−82
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.1.1,udp:53
- ~ # ipset add test 192.168.1.1,vrrp:0
- ~ # ipset test test 192.168.1.1,80
- Warning: 192.168.1.1,80 is in set test.