在当今信息化社会,网络数据分析越来越受到重视。而作为开发人员,掌握一门能够抓取网页内容的语言显得尤为重要。在此篇文章中,将分享如何使用 .NET构建网络抓取工具。详细了解如何执行 HTTP 请求来下载要抓取的网页,然后从其 DOM 树中选择 HTML 元素,进行匹配需要的字段信息,从中提取数据。
创建一个简单的Winfrom客户端程序,我使用的是.NET 5.0框架。为使项目显得条理清晰,此处进行了项目分层搭建项目,也就是多建立几个几个类库罢了,然后进行引用。
项目结构:
客户端界面设计:
HtmlAgilityPack是一个开源的C#库,它允许你解析HTML文档,从公DOM中选择元素并提取数据。该工具基本上提供了抓取静态内容网站所需要的一切。这是一个敏捷的HTML解析器,它构建了一个读和写DOM,并支持普通的XPATH或XSLT,你实际上不必了解XPATH也不必了解XSLT就可以使用它。它是一个.NET代码库,允许你解析“Web外”的HTML文件。解析器对“真实世界”中格式错误的HTML非常宽容。对象模型与System.Xml非常相似,但适用于HTML文档或流。
NuGet安装引用:
dotnet add package HtmlAgilityPack --version 1.11.51
网站爬取信息:
爬取信息实体定义:根据美图的首页展示的信息分析,进行定义爬取字段的信息,定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/4 9:58:03
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerModel.Meitu
{
/// <summary>
/// 爬取的专区字段实体
/// </summary>
public class BeautyZone
{
/// <summary>
/// 专区标题
/// </summary>
public string Tittle { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 专区每种类型美女排行榜
/// </summary>
public List<EveryCategoryBeautyTop> categoryBeauties { get; set; }
}
/// <summary>
/// 每分类美女排行榜
/// </summary>
public class EveryCategoryBeautyTop
{
/// <summary>
/// 类别
/// </summary>
public string Category { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 每种类型排行榜
/// </summary>
public List<Beauty> beauties { get; set; }
}
/// <summary>
/// 美女排行信息
/// </summary>
public class Beauty
{
/// <summary>
/// 排行
/// </summary>
public string No { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 姓名
/// </summary>
public string Name { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 热度
/// </summary>
public string Popularity { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 图片地址
/// </summary>
public string ImageUrl { get; set; }
}
}
更新UI界面实体定义:根据客户端需要展示的界面,定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/04 16:42:12
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerModel.Meitu
{
/// <summary>
/// UpdateUIModel 更新UI界面需要的字段
/// </summary>
public class UpdateUIModel
{
/// <summary>
/// 下载的数量
/// </summary>
public int DownloadNumber { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 分类
/// </summary>
public string Category { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 美女写真实体
/// </summary>
public Beauty beauty =new Beauty();
}
}
匹配DOM标签常量实体: 定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/4 10:08:06
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerModel.Meitu
{
/// <summary>
/// MeituConfig DOM标签常量
/// </summary>
public class MeituConfig
{
/// <summary>
/// 存放数据地址
/// </summary>
public const string JsonDataPath = "meitu/data";
/// <summary>
/// 爬取美图首页地址
/// </summary>
public const string Url = "https://www.meitu131.com";
/// <summary>
/// 专区XPath
/// </summary>
public const string ZoneXPath = @"/html/body/div[10]/div[2]/div";
/// <summary>
/// 专区名称XPath
/// </summary>
public const string ZoneNameXPath = @"/html/body/div[10]/div[1]/ul/li";
/// <summary>
/// 排行榜
/// </summary>
public const string TopXPath = @"/html/body/div[10]/div[2]/div[{0}]/dl";
/// <summary>
/// 人员隶属种类
/// </summary>
public const string PersonCategoryXPath = @"/html/body/div[10]/div[2]/div[{0}]/dl/dt";
/// <summary>
/// 人员
/// </summary>
public const string PersonXPath = @"/html/body/div[10]/div[2]/div[{0}]/dl/dd";
/// <summary>
/// 排行
/// </summary>
public const string NoXPath = @"/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/ul/li";
/// <summary>
/// 姓名
/// </summary>
public const string NameXPath = @"/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/ul/li";
/// <summary>
/// 热度
/// </summary>
public const string PopularityXPath = @"/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/ul/li";
/// <summary>
/// 图片地址
/// </summary>
public const string ImageUrlXPath = @"/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/ul/li";
}
}
帮助类:Web请求和下载资源帮助方法,定义义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/4 10:04:16
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using HtmlAgilityPack;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerService.Helper
{
/// <summary>
/// 创建一个Web请求
/// </summary>
public class MyWebClient : WebClient
{
protected override WebRequest GetWebRequest(Uri address)
{
HttpWebRequest request = base.GetWebRequest(address) as HttpWebRequest;
request.AutomaticDecompression = DecompressionMethods.Deflate | DecompressionMethods.GZip;
return request;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 下载HTML帮助类
/// </summary>
public static class LoadHtmlHelper
{
/// <summary>
/// 从Url地址下载页面
/// </summary>
/// <param name="url"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public async static ValueTask<HtmlDocument> LoadHtmlFromUrlAsync(string url)
{
var data = new MyWebClient()?.DownloadString(url);
var doc = new HtmlDocument();
doc.LoadHtml(data);
return doc;
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取单个节点扩展方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="htmlDocument">文档对象</param>
/// <param name="xPath">xPath路径</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static HtmlNode GetSingleNode(this HtmlDocument htmlDocument, string xPath)
{
return htmlDocument?.DocumentNode?.SelectSingleNode(xPath);
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取多个节点扩展方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="htmlDocument">文档对象</param>
/// <param name="xPath">xPath路径</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static HtmlNodeCollection GetNodes(this HtmlDocument htmlDocument, string xPath)
{
return htmlDocument?.DocumentNode?.SelectNodes(xPath);
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取多个节点扩展方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="htmlDocument">文档对象</param>
/// <param name="xPath">xPath路径</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static HtmlNodeCollection GetNodes(this HtmlNode htmlNode, string xPath)
{
return htmlNode?.SelectNodes(xPath);
}
/// <summary>
/// 获取单个节点扩展方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="htmlDocument">文档对象</param>
/// <param name="xPath">xPath路径</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static HtmlNode GetSingleNode(this HtmlNode htmlNode, string xPath)
{
return htmlNode?.SelectSingleNode(xPath);
}
/// <summary>
/// 下载图片
/// </summary>
/// <param name="url">地址</param>
/// <param name="filpath">文件路径</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public async static ValueTask<bool> DownloadImg(string url ,string filpath)
{
HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();
try
{
var bytes = await httpClient.GetByteArrayAsync(url);
using (FileStream fs = File.Create(filpath))
{
fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
}
return File.Exists(filpath);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
throw new Exception("下载图片异常", ex);
}
}
}
}
主要业务实现方法:定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/4 10:07:17
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using CrawlerComm.Handler;
using CrawlerModel.Meitu;
using CrawlerService.Helper;
using HtmlAgilityPack;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerService.Meitu
{
/// <summary>
/// MeituParseHtml 的摘要说明
/// </summary>
public class MeituParseHtmService
{
/// <summary>
/// json数据文件夹存放文件夹位置
/// </summary>
private static string _dataDirectoryPath = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), MeituConfig.JsonDataPath);
/// <summary>
/// 爬取json数据文件
/// </summary>
private static string _CrawlerData = Path.Combine(_dataDirectoryPath, "categories.json");
/// <summary>
/// 开始爬取
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public async Task StartAsync()
{
//专区集合
List<BeautyZone> beautyZones = new List<BeautyZone>();
//获取首页Html文档
HtmlDocument htmlDocument = await LoadHtmlHelper.LoadHtmlFromUrlAsync(MeituConfig.Url);
//创建存放数据的文件
FileInfo fileInfo = new FileInfo(_CrawlerData);
//获取到专区标签
HtmlNodeCollection zoneHtmlNodes = htmlDocument.GetNodes(MeituConfig.ZoneXPath);
//专区名称
HtmlNodeCollection zoneNameHtmlNodes = htmlDocument.GetNodes(MeituConfig.ZoneNameXPath);
if (zoneHtmlNodes != null && zoneHtmlNodes.Count> 0)
{
//专区个数
var zoneCount = zoneHtmlNodes.Count;
for (int i = 0; i < zoneCount; i++)
{
//每个专区
BeautyZone beautyZone = new BeautyZone()
{
Tittle = zoneNameHtmlNodes[i].InnerText,
categoryBeauties = new List<EveryCategoryBeautyTop>()
};
HtmlNodeCollection topHtmlNodes = htmlDocument.GetNodes(string.Format( MeituConfig.TopXPath,i+1));
if (topHtmlNodes != null && topHtmlNodes.Count > 0)
{
//每个专区下所有分类
HtmlNodeCollection personCategoryHtmlNodes = htmlDocument.GetNodes(string.Format(MeituConfig.PersonCategoryXPath, i + 1));
//爬取所有人员的标签内容
HtmlNodeCollection personHtmlNodes = htmlDocument.GetNodes(string.Format(MeituConfig.PersonXPath, i + 1));
if (personCategoryHtmlNodes !=null && personHtmlNodes!=null && personCategoryHtmlNodes.Count() > 0)
{
for (int j = 0; j < personCategoryHtmlNodes.Count(); j++)
{
//根据每个专区-分类下,进行遍历人气值人员排名
EveryCategoryBeautyTop everyCategoryBeautyTop = new EveryCategoryBeautyTop();
everyCategoryBeautyTop.Category = personCategoryHtmlNodes[j].InnerText;
everyCategoryBeautyTop.beauties = new List<Beauty>();
for (int k = 8*j; k < personHtmlNodes.Count(); k++)
{
var child = personHtmlNodes[k];//每个美女对应的节点信息
var i1 = child.GetSingleNode(child.XPath + "/i");//排名节点
var img = child.GetSingleNode(child.XPath + "/a[1]/div[1]/img[1]");//姓名和图片地址
var span2 = child.GetSingleNode(child.XPath + "/a[1]/div[2]/span[2]");//热度值
//同一类别添加美女到集合
everyCategoryBeautyTop.beauties.Add(new Beauty
{
No = i1.InnerText,
Name = img.GetAttributeValue("alt", "未找到"),
Popularity = span2.InnerText,
ImageUrl = img.GetAttributeValue("data-echo", "未找到")
}
);
}
//将在同一分区内Top分类添加到集合
beautyZone.categoryBeauties.Add(everyCategoryBeautyTop);
}
}
}
beautyZones.Add(beautyZone);
}
if (beautyZones.Count()> 0)
{
//爬取数据转Json
string beautiesJsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(beautyZones); ;
//写入爬取数据数据
string jsonFile = "beauties.json";
WriteData(jsonFile, beautiesJsonData);
//下载图片
DownloadImage(beautyZones);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 写入文件数据
/// </summary>
/// <param name="fileName"></param>
/// <param name="data"></param>
private void WriteData(string fileName, string data)
{
FileStream fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write);
StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
try
{
sw.Write(data);
}
finally
{
if (sw != null)
{
sw.Close();
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 下载图片
/// </summary>
/// <param name="beautyZones"></param>
private async void DownloadImage(List<BeautyZone> beautyZones)
{
int count = 0;
foreach (var beautyZone in beautyZones)
{
string rootPath = System.IO.Directory.GetCurrentDirectory() +"\\DownloadImg\\"+ beautyZone.Tittle;
foreach (var category in beautyZone.categoryBeauties)
{
string downloadPath = rootPath + "\\" + category.Category;
foreach (var beauty in category.beauties)
{
count += 1;//下载数量累加
string filePath = downloadPath + "\\" + beauty.Name+".jpg";
if (!Directory.Exists(downloadPath))
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(downloadPath);
}
UpdateUIModel updateUIModel = new UpdateUIModel()
{
DownloadNumber =count,
Category = category.Category,
beauty = beauty
};
//更新UI
UpdateFrmHandler.OnUpdateUI(updateUIModel);
//异步下载
await LoadHtmlHelper.DownloadImg(beauty.ImageUrl,filePath);
}
}
}
}
}
}
更新UI界面的委托事件:定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/04 11:28:24
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using CrawlerModel.Meitu;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace CrawlerComm.Handler
{
/// <summary>
/// UpdateFrmHandler 更新UI事件委托
/// </summary>
public class UpdateFrmHandler
{
/// <summary>
/// 更新下载界面事件
/// </summary>
public static event EventHandler<UpdateUIModel> UpdateUI;
public static void OnUpdateUI(UpdateUIModel updateUIModel)
{
UpdateUI?.Invoke(null, updateUIModel);
}
}
}
点击触发事件:定义如下:
#region << 版 本 注 释 >>
/*----------------------------------------------------------------
* 创建者:码农阿亮
* 创建时间:2023/8/4 08:07:17
* 版本:V1.0.0
* 描述:
*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------
* 修改人:
* 时间:
* 修改说明:
*
* 版本:V1.0.1
*----------------------------------------------------------------*/
#endregion << 版 本 注 释 >>
using CrawlerComm.Handler;
using CrawlerModel.Meitu;
using CrawlerService.Meitu;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace CrawlerData
{
public partial class FrmMain : Form
{
public FrmMain()
{
InitializeComponent();
//订阅委托
UpdateFrmHandler.UpdateUI += UpdateUIFuc;
}
/// <summary>
/// 更新界面委托方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="updateUIModel"></param>
private void UpdateUIFuc(object sender, UpdateUIModel updateUIModel )
{
try
{
//改变界面UI中的值
this.Invoke((Action)delegate
{
UpdateUIBiz(updateUIModel);
});
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 更新UI界面业务
/// </summary>
/// <param name="updateUIModel"></param>
private void UpdateUIBiz(UpdateUIModel updateUIModel)
{
try
{
//分类
tbCategory.Text = updateUIModel.Category;
//排名
tbNo.Text = updateUIModel.beauty.No;
//姓名
tbName.Text = updateUIModel.beauty.Name;
//人气值
tbPopularity.Text = updateUIModel.beauty.Popularity;
//图片地址
tbUrl.Text = updateUIModel.beauty.ImageUrl;
//图片
WebClient client = new WebClient();
string imageUrl = updateUIModel.beauty.ImageUrl;// 要显示的网络图片的URL
byte[] imageBytes = client.DownloadData(imageUrl);
Image img = Image.FromStream(new MemoryStream(imageBytes));
picBox.Image = img;
//爬取数量
lbNumber.Text = updateUIModel.DownloadNumber.ToString();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 开始执行按钮点击事件
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"></param>
/// <param name="e"></param>
private void btStart_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
StartCrawler();
}
/// <summary>
/// 开始爬取
/// </summary>
public async void StartCrawler()
{
try
{
MeituParseHtmService meituParseHtml = new MeituParseHtmService();
await meituParseHtml.StartAsync();
}
catch (Exception ex )
{
}
}
}
}
文章上传图片大小有限制,只截取了部分gif:
分目录层级存放: